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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/ethnologicaldireOOmaso 



ETHNOLOGICAL DIRECTIONS 



RELATIVE TO 



THE INDIAN TKIBES 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES. 



PREPARED UNDER DIRECTION OF INDIAN BUREAU 



OTIS T. MASON. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1875. 



PREFACE. 



Department of the Interior, 

Office of Indian Affairs, 

Washington, D. C, April 3, 1875. 

The design of this publication is to direct the attention of the agents 
of the Indian Bureau and of other officers of the United States Gov- 
ernment, and also of all other persons interested in the subject, to those 
objects and investigations which are desirable for the purpose of repre- 
senting at the Centennial Exposition the history of culture among the 
aborigines of America, including the tribes now in existence, and those 
■which are nearly or quite extinct. 

The materials to be collected are of four kinds : 

1. Specimens now or formerly in actual use. 

2. Models, in true proportion, of large or immovable objects. 

3. Photographs and drawings of various kinds. 

4. Manuscripts and descriptions of objects^ customs, institutions of 
society, laws, beliefs, and forms of worship. 

The information sought by these collections relates to — 

1. Tribes of men. 

2. Their natural aud social surroundings. 

3. The history and condition of culture among them. 

Before enumerating the articles and inquiries in detail, a few words 
of caution may not be inappropriate. 

1. Inasmuch as it is designed to present savage life aud condition in 
all grades and places, care should be taken not to exclude specimens 
because they are either rude or homely; not to collect with a view to 
artistic effect merely ; and not to rely too much on one's own judgment 
as to what things are desirable for ethnological study. 

2. In describing implements or processes, the most scrupulous adher- 
ence to the truth is urged. Every collection should be accompanied by 
a manuscript catalogue having the collector's name and address 
attached. Each specimen should bear, on its surface, an ineffaceable 
number ; and the same number should represent it in the manuscript 
invoice, and upon a label firmly attached to the article. Opposite the 
number in the invoice, as well as upon the corresponding label, should 
be written the native ami vulgar name of the article, the locality and 
tribe, the use, the date of collection, the number of pieces belonging to 
the entry ; in short, the full history of the object in as few words as 
possible. 



3. In describing tribes of men, the name assumed by them, the name 
conferred by neighboring tribes, the locality, and migrations are to be 
noticed. 

Photographs, &c, should include front and side face. Skulls should 
be most carefully identified, especially where marriage out of the tribe 
and slavery are practiced. In order to correct errors arising from 
individual peculiarities, as many specimens as possible should be col- 
lected from each tribe. 

4. In making models of clothing, implements, dwellings, conveyances, 
&c, the true proportion of parts should be preserved, their relation to 
the original stated, and appurtenances in their proper place should all 
be carefully included. In every case where it is possible, the complete 
dwelling and its furniture in model, the whole suit of clothing and 
ornament, the boat full rigged, &c, should be procured. 

5. The greatest possible care should be observed in opening a mound 
or a cave. The explorer will often have to do the best he can under 
the circumstances, but he will do well to observe the following direc- 
tions : An accurate plan should be made, horizontal and vertical, and 
the site should be so identified by latitude and longitude, or otherwise, 
that one could locate it on a good map. A trench should then be cut 
from east to west through the mound, or from front to rear through the 
earth before the cave, to determine the strata, &c. The earth should, 
in both cases, be taken off in horizontal layers, carefully examined, and 
the contents of each layer kept separate. Inside of a cave, the top soil 
should be removed and searched. A reference-line should be marked 
on the walls of the cave, calcareous deposits broken up, the underly- 
ing earth taken out in blocks or layers, sifted, and carefully described. 
Care should be taken to distinguish between the ancient and original 
interments in caves and mounds and later deposits or surface-finds. 

C. The second part of these instructions relates to manners, customs, 
beliefs, &c; in describing these it is very difficult to avoid personal 
interpretations, and to enter into the feelings of people of a low grade 
of culture; but the pure facts are so necessary that any amount of 
pains will be amply rewarded by the benefit which it will confer on 
science. 

All contributions to the object specified in this preface will be duly 
accredited to the collector, whose name will be written plainly on the 
permanent label of each specimen. 

It is hardly necessary to urge diligence and thoroughness in the work. 
The fact that the monuments of the past and the savage tribes of men 
are rapidly disappearing from our continent, and that, ere another cen- 
tury will renew an incentive so great and universal as this Exposition, 
they will have disappeared forever, should be all the stimulus required 
to give to the enterprise the conscientious labor which it demands. 



CLASSES OF ETHNOLOGICAL MATERIALS. 

(GIVEN IN FULLER DETAIL IN THE SUBSEQUENT PARTS.) 



I. 

A. Physical nature. 

B. Pathological objects and facts. 

C. Psychical phenomena. 

D. Tribal condition. 

II. Surroundings or environment. 

A. Inorganic. 

B. Organic. 

C. Social. 

III. Culture. 

(1.) MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE. (ALIMENT.) 

A. Food. 

B. Drinks. 

C. Narcotics. 

D. Savors, flavors, and condiments. 

E. Drugs and poisons not connected with sorcery. 

(2.) HABITATIONS AND OTHER STRUCTURES, AND THEIR 
APPURTENANCES. 

A. Dwellings, etc. 

B. Appurtenances. 

C. Furniture. 

(3.) VESSELS AND UTENSILS. 

A. For holding water, food, etc. 

B. For preparing food. 

C. For serving and eating food. 

D. Ornamental and miscellaneous. 

(4.) CLOTHING. 

A. Raw materials. 

B. Products in different stages of manufacture. 

C. Complete suits. 

D. Head-clothing. 

E. Body-wear. 

F. Arm- and hand-clothing. 

G. Leg- and foot-clothing. 
H. Parts of dress. 

I. Receptacles for clothing. 



6 

(5.) ADORNMENT. 

A. Skin-ornamentation or tattooing. 

B. Head-ornaments. 

C. Neck-ornaments. 

D. Breast- and body-ornaments. 

E. Ornaments of the limbs. 

F. Toilet-articles. 

G. Other ornaments not classified. 

(6.) IMPLEMENTS OF GENERAL USE, OF WAR AND THE 
CHASE, AND OF SPECIAL CRAFTS. 

(I.) OF general use. 

(II.) OF war and the chase. 

A. Striking weapons. 

B. Throwing weapons. 

C. Cutting and chopping weapons. 

D. Thrusting weapons. 

E. Projectile weapons. 

F. Defensive weapons. 

G. Besieging-contrivances, (models.) 
H. Armories. 

I. Trophies and standards. 
K. Others not mentioned. 

(III.) implements of special use. 

A. Flint- and stone-working. 

B. Fire-making and using. 

C. Bow- and arrow-making. 

D. Fishing. 

E. Hunting, (not weapons.) 

F. Leather- or skin-working. 

G. Builders' tools. 
H. Potters' tools. 

I. Mining and metallurgy. 

K. Procuring and manufacturing food. 

L. Agricultural implements. 

M. Basket- and wood-working. 

N. Making and working fiber. 

O. For nomadic and pastoral life. 

P. Special crafts not enumerated. 

(7.) MEANS OF LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORTATION. 

A. Water-traveling. 

B. Accessories to water-travel. 

C. Foot-traveling. 

D. Land- and ice-conveyances. 



(8.) MEASURING AND VALUING. 

A. Counting. 

B. Measuring. . [ 

C. Valuing. 

D. Badges of distinction, medals, etc. 

(9.) WRITING. 

A. Surfaces. 

B. Implements. 

C. Processes and products. 

(10.) GAMES AND PASTIMES. 

A. Gambling-implements. 

B. Field-sports and festive games. 

C. Sports and toys for children. 

(11.) MUSIC. 

A. Beating-instruments. 

B. Stringed instruments. 

C. Blowing-instruments. 

D. Scores. 

(12.) ART. 

A. Materials and models. 

B. Works of art. 

(13.) LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 

(14.) DOMESTIC LIFE. 

A. Marriage. 

B. Children. 

C. Women. 

D. Rights and wrongs. 

(15.) SOCIAL LIFE. 

A. Organization. 

B. Customs. 

(16.) GOVERNMENT, AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

A. Organization of civil, military, and ecclesiastical 

authorities. 

B. Laws, regulations, etc. 

(17.) RELIGION. 

A. Objects of reverence and worship. 

B. Holy places. 

C. Organization of worship. 

D. Sacred rites. 

E. Myths. 

F. Beliefs. 



PART I-LIST OF OBJECTS, PHOTOGRAPHS, DRAW- 
INGS, AND MODELS. 



I. Man. 

Skeletons. 

Skulls and other single portions of the skeleton. 

Mummies. -^ 

Brains, skin, &c, in alcohol. 

Hair. 

Teeth. 

Oasts of the face, breast, or limbs. 

Photographs and drawings of men, women, and children. 

Pathological specimens in alcohol, &c. 

II. Surroundings. 

Geological specimens to identify collections. 

Animal, vegetable, and mineral remains found with man. 

III. Culture. 

(1.) FOOD, OR ALIMENT IN GENERAL. 

A. Food. 

Dried meat of buffalo and other quadrupeds, pemmican, &c. 

Dried fish, slugs, &c. 

Salmon eggs and other spawn, dried. 

Fish-oil and other oils for food. 

Dried crickets, grasshoppers, and other insects used for food. 

Kamass and other roots, the meal and bread made from them. 

Bark and stems for food, the preparations torn them. 

Melons, berries, plums, peaches, cherries, &c, dried. 

Acorns, pine-nuts, almonds, and all other nuts. 

Cereals, as corn, rice, buckwheat, &c. 

Pulse, mesquite, screw-beans, and their products. 

Seeds of grasses and weeds used for food. 

Sugar and sirup, and fruits preserved in sugar. 

Vegetables raised by the Indians — potatoes, onions, &c. 

Other preparations not mentioned. 

B. Drinks. 

Materials for infusion, teas, &c. 
Those used in beer-making. 
Wine and other fermented juices. 
Liquors distilled by natives. 



C. Narcotics. 
Tobacco. 
Hemp. 
Narcotic drinks. 

Other narcotics not mentioned. 

D. Savors, flavors, etc. 
Salt. 

Peppers. 
Clay. 

Aromatic herbs. 
Spices, &c. 

E. Drugs, etc. 

Vegetable substances as medicines. 
Poisons. 

(2.) HABITATIONS AND OTHER STRUCTURES IN MINTA 
TUBE, TOGETHER WITH THEIR APPURTE- 
NANCES. 

A. Dwelling, (Models, etc.) 
Shelters. 

Galleries, yourts, &c. 
Huts, topeks, &c. 
Tents and skin-lodges. 

Tribal and communal dwellings, pueblos, &c. 
Inclosures of various kinds. 
Out-buildings, public granaries, and the like. 
Public baths, dance- and sweat-houses. 
Industrial places or structures. 
Arrangement of villages. 

Structures for observation, memorial, defense, burial, aud cere- 
mony. 

B. Appurtenances to dwellings. 
Doors. 

Fire-places. 

Windows. 

Chimneys. 

Roofs, tiles, ladders, &c. 

Fastenings, such as locks and latches. 

Water-tanks. 

Totem-posts. 

Material for building. 

C. Furniture and utenstls. 
Hammocks, beds, bedsteads. 
Bed-coverings. 

Pillows and head-rests. 



10 

Cradles and pappoose cases. 

Chairs, stools, and benches. 

Mats, divans, &c. 

Matting, carpet, and floor-coverings. 

Racks, and other protections for food. 

Tables. 

Hangings, screens, and the like. 

D. Furniture of ceremony. 
Chairs of state. 

Furniture of the medicine-lodge. 
Others not mentioned. 

E. Miscellaneous. 
Brooms. 
Fly-brushes. 
Urinals. 

Others not mentioned. 

(3.) VESSELS AND OTHER UTENSILS OF HOUSEHOLD USE, 
EMBRACING THE MATERIAL, THE NATURAL 
MODEL, AND THE PRODUCT. 

Mineral material : 

Stone, (including soap-stone.) 

Unbaked clay. 

Porous pottery. 

Unglazed pottery. 

Glazed pottery. 

Painted pottery. 

Metallic material of vessels. 

Vegetable material : 
Caoutchouc. 
Gourds. 
Nuts. 

Reed tubes. 

Wooden ware, roots, &c. 
Bast, 
Bark. 
Grasses. 
Basket material. 

Animal material : 
Skins. 
Entrails. 
Shells. 
Ivory. 
Bone. 



11 



Horn, 
Sinew. 



A. For holding and carrying water, food, etc. 
Bottles, bladders, and funnels. 

Jugs. 

Jars. 

Bowls. 

Gourds. 

Tight baskets. 

Dug-outs. 

Boxes. 

Mats, mat-baskets. 

Hampers, inflexible baskets, &c. 

Parflesh cases. 

Wallets, or bags of raw hide, dressed skins, &c. 

Nets of various substances. 

Seed and other baskets of special use. 

Pem mican- cases. 

B. For preparing food. 

Troughs and baskets for stone-boiling. 

Trays for roasting seed. 

Pots of stone, clay, &c. 

Pans. 

Snuff-grinders. 

Spits and other contrivances for roasting. 

Bowls for mixing food, &c. 

Churns and dairy- vessels. 

C. For serving and eating food, etc. 
Mats and bread-trays. 

Mush-bowls. 

Meat-trays. 

Plates and dishes. 

Pitchers, urns, &c. 

Drinking-vessels. 

Knives, forks, chopsticks, &c. 

Bone-crushers and marrow-scoops. 

Spoons, ladles, and clippers. 

Pipes, pipe-stems, snuff-cases, pouches, &c. 

Stone tubes. 

Others not mentioned. 

D. Ornamental and miscellaneous. 
Lamps and the like. 

Ewers and basins. 
Vases, lachrymatories. 



12 

,(4.) CLOTHING OF MALE AND FEMALE ADULTS, AND OF 
OHILDEEN, AT DIFFERENT SEASONS AND ON 
DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. 

A. Raw material. 

Skins, raw hides, &c. 

Intestines and sinews. 

Wool and hair. 

Animal fiber not mentioned. 

Grass. 

Bark and bast. 

Cotton. 

Hemp. 

Other vegetable substances. 

B. Products in different stages of manufacture. 
Dressed skins or furs. 

Leather tanned by different processes. 

Woolen stuffs. 

Silk stuffs. 

Other stuffs of animal material. 

Cotton stuffs. 

Linen and hemp stuffs. 

Grass and bark cloths. 

Felt of various materials. 

Others not mentioned. 

C. Suits of clothing. 
Of dignitaries. 

Of male adults. 

Of females. 

Of children. 

For special occasions. 

Of special castes or crafts. 

Dolls in costume, and lay figures. 

D. Head- clothing. 

Head-cloths, turbans, &c. 

Hoods. 

Cowls. 

Caps. 

Hats. 

Masks and head-dress of ceremony. 

Others not mentioned. 

E. Body-clothing. 
Clouts and cinctures. 
Aprons. 
Breeches. 

Shirts, smocks, &c. 



13 

Jackets, blouses, parkas. 

Tunics. 

Woman's under-wear. 

Gowns. 

Mantles, capes, and the like. 

Shawls. 

Blankets. 

Eobes of state and ceremony. 

Miscellaneous. 

F. Arm-clothing. 
Gloves and mittens. 
Sleeves. 

Frills. 

G. Leg- and foot-clothing. 
Foot-cloths, stockings, &c. 
Sandals. 

Moccasins. 

Shoes. 

Boots. 

Overshoes. 

Leggings. 

Garters. 

Stockings. 

Others not mentioned. 

H. Parts of dress. 
Collars. 

Pockets and reticules. 
Needlework, and quill-work. 
Lace. 

Frills, fringes, pendants, &c. 
Bead-work, and feather-work. 
Fastenings. 
Belts. 
Others not mentioned. 

I. Receptacles for dress. 

Nets. 

Knapsacks, and skin-bags. 

Trunks. 

Chests, &c. 

(5.) PERSONAL ADORNMENTS. 
A. Skin-ornamentation. 

Painting patterns and apparatus. 
Tattoos and apparatus. 
Scarring lancets of flint, &c. 



14 

B. Head-ornaments. 
Coifs, hair-braids, &c. 
Wigs. 

Plumes and the like. 

Hair-pins. 

Tucking-combs. 

Head-bands. 

Ear-rings and pendants. 

Cheek-studs, mouth-pegs, labrets, &c. 

Nose-ornaments. 

Teeth mutilations and ornaments. 

Others not mentioned. 

C. Neck-ornaments. 
Necklaces. 

Brooches of stone, shell, &c. 

D. Breast- and body-ornaments. 

Prehistoric stone and shell gorgets (so called) of all shapes. 

Gorgets and ornamental chains, &c. 

Nipple-studs. 

Ornamental sashes, girdles, &c. 

E. Ornaments of the limbs. 
Armlets. 

Bracelets. 
Finger-rings. 
Anklets, &c. 

F. Toilet-articles. 
Cosmetics. 

Pomades, &c, for the hair. 

Soaps and substitutes therefor. 

Combs, head-scratchers, &c. 

Brushes. 

Tweezers, &c, for removing the hair and the beard. 

Mirrors. 

Perfumes. 

G. Other personal ornaments. 
Fans. 

Parasols. 
Shades. 

Artificial flowers. 
Feather-work. 
Beads, &c. 



15 



(6.) IMPLEMENTS OF GENERAL USE, OF WAS AND THE 
CHASE, AND OF SPECIAL CRAFTS; INCLUDING 
THOSE FURNISHED BY NATURE, NATURAL MOD- 
ELS, RAW MATERIALS, MANUFACTURED IMPLE- 
MENTS, BOTH PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC, THE 
PBOCESS OF USING THEM AND THE PRODUCT 
OF THEIR USE, (IF NOT A FINISHED OBJECT 
BELONGING TO SOME OTHER CLASS,) OF MIN- 
ERAL, VEGETABLE, AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 

(I.) FOE GENEEAL USE. 

Knives of different materials, styles of blade and hafting, and for 

various uses. 
Chopper-knives, or celts. 
Axes and hatchets. 
Adzes and wood-scrapers. 
Wedges and mauls. 
Chisels, gouges, and the like. 
Sawing-tools. 
Hammers. 
Drills, and perforators, embracing awls, reamers, hand and bow 

drills, &c. 
Clamps and nippers. 
Rasps and other smoothing-tools. 
Whetstones and all other sharpening-tools. 
Levers and other devices for utilizing mechanical forces, and for 

labor-saving. 
Tool -boards, boxes, &c. 

(II.) WEAPONS OF WAE AND OF THE CHASE. 

A. Striking. 

Clubs of various form and material. 
Quarter- staves. 
Slung-shots and stone balls. 
Maces and clubs of ceremony. 

B. Throwing-weapons. 
Boomerangs. 

Darting-boards and throwing- sticks. 

Throwing-straps, (amenta or ouneps.) 

Lassos and lariats. 

Bolas. 

Slings and shots or stones. 

Fire-pots. 

Other thro wing-contrivances. 



16 

C. Weapons for cuttings and striking. 

Battle-axes, tomahawks, and the like. 

Sabers and sheaths. 

Swords. 

Scythes. 

Obsidian and other serrate weapons. 

Shark's tooth weapons and the like. 

1). Thrusting-weapons. 
Lances and lance-heads. 
Spears and points. 
Harpoons and parts. 
Rapiers. 
Dirks and daggers. 

E. Projectile weapons. 
Blow-tubes, arrows, and outfit. 

Arrows of different styles of shaft, fore-shaft, feather, marking,, 

head, and fastening. 
Arrow-heads. 
Bows and quivers. 
Wrist-guards. 
Cross-bows. 
Fire-arms and outfit. 
Poison for missiles. 

F. Defensive weapons. 
Parrying-sticks. 
Shields. 

Helmets and visors. 

Mail. 

Greaves. 

Fetters. 

Snares and pitfalls. 

Stockades, earth-works, and other fortifications in model. 

G. Besieging- and assaulting-contrivanoes. 
H. Armories. 

I. Trophies and standards. 
Scalps and the like. 
Skulls. 

Tomahawks of ceremony, and other banners aud standards. 
Trophies erected to commemorate victories. 

K. Other weapons not mentioned. 



(III.) IMPLEMENTS OF SPECIAL USE, FOR : 

A. Flint- and other stone-working, embracing also work- 

ing IN IVORY AND OTHER HARD MATERIALS. 
Quarrying. 

Flaking by fire and otherwise. 
Chipping. 
Pecking. 

Grinding and sharpening. 
Polishing. 
Perforating. 
Carving. 

B. Fire-making and utilizing. 
Hand-drills and fire-sticks. 
Bow-drills. 

Flint and steel or pyrites. /, 

Moss, punk, and tinder. 

Tongs, bellows, and other implements. 

Other fire-tools not mentioned. 

Special fuels. 

0.* BOW- AND ARROW-MAKING. 

Bow-dressing. 
Bow-string making. 
Arrow-straightening. 
Arrow-polishing. 
Cement and sticks. 

D. Fishing -implements other than weapons. 
Hooks and lines of various materials. 
Whale-catching apparatus. 

Sinkers, floats, poisons, &c. 

Gigs, spears, harpoons, complete, and parts. 

Nets. 

Probes, ice-breakers, stools, skewers, &c, for seal-fishing. 

Weirs and traps of every kind. 

E. Hunting-implements other than weapons. 
Traps and snares. 

Hooks for vermin. 
Nets of all kinds. 
Decoys. 

Snow-goggles and visors. 
Models of hunting- stockades. 
Others not mentioned. 
2i 



18 

F. Leather-working tools. 
Butchering and flaying. 
Scrapers. 

Tanning. 

Leather- working, crimping, sewing, shoemaking, fringing, 
braiding, making babiche, &c. 

G. Builders' tools. 
Tent-making. 
Felling trees. 
Making planks. 
Smoothing wood. 
Hollowing and carving wood. 
Painting. 
Boat-building. 
Brick-making and working. 
Stonequarrying and working. 
Excavating. 

Snow- and ice-working. 

I. Potters' tools. 
Preparing the material. 
Modeling, working, ornamenting, &c. 
Glazing. 
Baking. 

I. Mining and metallurgy. 
Sledges for breaking ore. 
Hammers and anvil-stones for cold metal. 
Smelting apparatus. 
Molding apparatus. 
Smithing tools. 
Implements for gold- and silver-working. 

K. Procuring and manufacturing food. 
Root-diggers. 

Gathering-baskets and fans. 
Panning-trays. 
Pounding-baskets and trays. 
Strainers for cassava, &c. 
Mortars of wood and stone. 
Troughs of stone, &c. 
Slabs. 
Metates. 
Pestles. 



19 

Mullers. 

Rollers. 

Metalpiles. 

Pemmican-rnauls. 

Drying-grates, &c. 

Others not mentioned. 

L. Agricultural implements. 
Picks and spades of every form and material. 
Shovels. 
Hoes. 
Rakes. 
Plows. 

Harvesting tools. 
Models of granaries. 
Models of irrigating apparatus. 

M. Basket-working- and wood-carving, including the 

NATURAL AND THE PREPARED MATERIAL, THE STAGES 
OF MANUFACTURE, AND THE PRODUCT. 

Tools. 

Patterns. 

Ornamentation. 

"S. Making and working fiber, embracing implements for : 
Carding and hackling. 
Spinning, and other. 
Twisting. 
Braiding. 

Knitting and netting. 
Felting. 

Weaving matting, bark, and other cloths. 
Dyeing. 
Ornamenting. 
Sewing. 
Embroidery with porcupine -quills, beads, &c. 

O. Nomadic and pastoral life. 

Tools for marking cattle. 

Whips. 

Tethers, halters, lassos, lariats, &c. 

Contrivances for breaking young animals. 

Other implements not mentioned. 

P. Special crafts not enumerated, including those 

WHICH ARE PERHAPS NOT KNOWN TO STUDENTS UNAC- 
QUAINTED WITH THE TRIBES THEMSELVES. 



20 



(7.) MEANS OF LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORTATION. 

A. Traveling by water. 
Floats and surf-boards. 
Rafts, balsas, &c. 
Dug-outs. 

Hide-boats, bull-boats, &c. 

Bark canoes. 

Kyaks and ooniiaks, or bidarkas and bidarras. 

Boats carved from logs or built from planks. 

Sailing-crafts. 

Models of bridges, ferries, &c. 

B. Appurtenances to the foregoing. 
Poles for sounding or propelling. 
Pushing-sticks. 

Paddles. 

Oars. 

Sails. 

Rudders. 

Anchors. 

Cables and tackle. 

Outriggers. 

Cleats for various uses and dead-eyes. 

Other helps to navigation not mentioned. 

C. Traveling on foot. 
Staff for mountain-travel. 
Scrip or haversack. 
Canteens. 

Carrying-straps, nets, yokes, and baskets. 
Sedan for carrying travelers. 
Skates, ice-creepers, and the like. 
Snow-shoes. 

D. Land-conveyances and other means of locomotion. 
Pillions or pads. 

Saddles and their parts. 

Bridles, halters, &c., of all kinds. 

Packs, panniers, &c. 

Horse-shoes, foot-mufflers, &c. 

Spurs. 

Whips. 

Harness for horses, dogs, and reindeer. 

Trappings, tassels, saddle-cloths, fringes, &c. 

"Wagons and whatever is used therefor. 



21 

Sledges, embracing all sliding vehicles. 

Road-making: tools, drawings, and models. 

Postal apparatus for sending messages. 

Means of signaling. 

Models and drawings of public conveyances, if any. 

(8.) MEASURING AM) VALUING. 

A. Counting-. 
Census-sticks, beads, &c. 
Hunting-scores. 

Military census by paintings, &c. 

B. MEASURING- APPARATUS. 

Linear standards. 

Superficial standards, land-measuring, laying off grounds, camps, 

&c. 
Liquid- and dry-measures, for buying and selling. 
Time-pieces, rude dials, calendars, &c. 

C. Valuing. 

Wampum and other forms of money. 
Obligations, promises to pay. 

D. Badges of distinction. 
Regalia. 

Medals or substitutes therefor. 
Badges and other decorations. 

(9.) WRITING. 

A. Surfaces for writing. 

Rock-surfaces. 

Stone tablets. 

Bone and ivory plates. 

Clay, adobe, &c. 

Terra-cotta. 

Robes, skins, &c. 

Leaves, bark, blocks of wood, &c. 

Papyrus or fitted bark. 

Paper. 

B. Implements. 
Graving-tools. 

Brushes and paint for writing 
Reed and other pens. 
Ink preparations and vessels. 
Seals and wax. 



22 

C. Processes and products. 
Owner-marks on implements, clothing, &c. 

Hunters' signs and other means of giving notices, challenges, &c. 
Clan-marks on implements and clothing. 
Trade-marks. 
Quipus. 
Pictographs. 
Hieroglyphics. 
Bock-sculptures. 
Others not mentioned. 

(10.) GAMES AND PASTIMES. 

"A. Gambling-implements. 

Disks of ivory, wood, &c, with accompaniments. 

Bundles of sticks. 

Pairs of bones. 

Dice. 

Checkers. 

Chess. 

Cards. 

Others not mentioned. 

B. Games and pastimes. 

Masks, hip-ornaments, batons, scalps, &c, for buffalo and other 

dances. 
Hocky-sticks, with balls, rings, stone disks, &c. 
Others not mentioned. 

C. Sports and toys for children. 
Playthings. 
Dolls. 
Juvenile implements. 

(11.) MUSIC. 

A. Instruments for beating. 

Battles. 

Clappers. 

Bells, sounding-bars, &c. 

Drums. 

Tambourines. 

Marimba. 

Others not mentioned. 

B. BUBBING AND STRINGED INSTRUMENTS. 

Notched fiddles. 
Mandolines. 



23 

Banjos. 

Guitars. 

Fiddles. 

Harps. 

Eolian harps. 

Others not mentioned. 

C. Blowing-instruments. 
Whistles. 

Pan-pipes. 

Flutes and fifes. 

Nose-flutes. 

Clarionets and reed-instruments. 

Horns. 

D. Musical-score. 

(12.) ART, EMBRACING SPECIMENS OF EAW MATERIAL, 
MODELS, DESIGNS. 

A. Art-materials. 
Carvers' tools of all kinds. 
Painters' tools. 
Embossing-tools. 

Clay and other mineral materials. 
Antlers, walrus teeth, and animal substances. 
Nuts, gourds, and vegetable materials. 
Others not mentioued. 

B. Works of art. 
Drawings. 
Paintings. 

Ceramic art : Specimens of staining, painting, hatching, molding, 
and marking pottery for ornament merely. 

Carvings and engravings in slate, jade, serpentine, catlinite, ivory, 
antlers, bones, shells, gourds, wood, &c. 

Sculptures. 

Architectural models. 

Mosaics, stuccc-work, &c. 

Cloth and leather embroidery. 

Feather-work, purely artistic. 

Bead-work for art purposes. 

Others not mentioned. 

(13.) LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 

(This division will be more accurately defined in Part II, where it 
more properly belongs.) 



24 



(14.) DOMESTIC LIFE, EMBRACING ALL OBJECTS CON- 
NECTED WITH THE CUSTOMS AND BITES OF: 

A. Marriage. 
Courtship. 
Betrothal. 
Wedding. 

B. Children. 
Accouching. 
Couvade. 

Menstrual and parturition seclusion. 
Deformations or circumcision. 
Nursing and carrying. 

C. Other objects illustrating domestic life. 
(This subject is more fully treated in Part II.) 

(15.) SOCIAL LIFE. 

Military customs and objects connected with them. 
Objects connected with healing-customs, such as lancets of obsi- 
dian and flint, other surgical instruments. 
Masks for the dead. 
Dead-eyes, temple-weights, &c. 
Embalming-materials. 

Models of burial-scaffolds, lodges, ossuaries, &c. 
Apparatus of professional arts. 

(16.) GOVEENMENT AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
A. Organization, including the emblems and imple 

MENTS OF — 

Civil authorities. 

Assemblies, judicial and deliberative. 

Public deliberations. 

Military organization. 

Scourges. 

Fetters. 

Means of torture. 

Means of execution. 

Treaties. 

Other administrative apparatus. 

(17.) RELIGION. 

A. Objects of reverence and implements of worship. 
Amulets, beads, &c. 
Charms, fetishes, &c. 



25 

Medicine-bags. 

Totems. 

Idols. 

Incense. 

Temples. (Models.) 

Estufas. (Models.) 

Altars and their furniture. 

Sacrificial implements, as obsidian knives, stone collars, &c. 

Mounds. (Models.) 

Implements of incantation, exorcism. 

Bain-making apparatus. 



PART II.-ETHNOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. 



In addition to the information conveyed by ethnological specimens^ 
and the reports which accompany them, there are many phases of cul- 
ture which have no corresponding objects, but whose study is absolutely 
necessary to a full understanding of the subject. Our information con- 
cerning them must be embodied in photographs, drawings, and written 
descriptions. The same order of inquiry may be followed as in the first 
part of this publication. 

I. Man. 

, A. Physical nature. 

Measuremeut of the body, head, limbs, &c, with reference to each 
other and to a standard. 

Color of the skin, hair, eyes, blushing. 

Test of functions, as respiration, circulation. 

Muscular strength, characteristics of speed, swimming, and climb- 
ing, and power of the senses. 

Temperature. 

Growth and decay. 

Child-bearing, reproductive power, sterility, puberty, crosses 
heredity. 

Dentition, loss of power, growing gray, longevity. 

B. Pathology. 
Diseases. 

Physical effect of diet, habit, and climate. 

Pain and healing. 

Abnormalities and natural deformities. 

C. Psychical phenomena. 

Mental capacity for acquiring, remembering, perceiving, general- 
izing, volition. 
Sagacity in tracking game, following bees, and other occupations. 
Moral ideas. 
Emotions and passions. 

D. Tribal phenomena. 
Name. 

Their own account of their origin and relationships. 
History of their increase, migrations, growth, and decay. 
Population, male, female, and children, and causes affecting. 
Invention, conservatism, and progress. 



27 

II. Surrounding's. 

A. Inorganic. 

Outline and size of territory, elevations, and water-systems. 
Geological environment, both stratigraphical and economic. 
Climate. 

B. Organic. 

Variety and abundance of plants for various uses. 

Varieties and abundance of animals, domestic and wild, which 

are of any use. 
Eemains of plants and animals found with relics of extinct 

tribes. 

C. Social. 

Contact with civilized and uncivilized tribes, and its influence. 

III. Culture. 

(1.) MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE. 

A. Food. 

Methods of procuring. 
Division of labor concerning. 
Amount eaten, and frequency of eating. 
Eating-customs and rites. 

B. Drinks. 

Method of preparing decoctions and intoxicating drinks; occasions. 
for their use and their effects. 

C. Narcotics. 

Methods of using and effects. 

E. Medicines, poisons, etc. 

Preparation and administration of. 

List of diseases sought to be cured, the medicine for each, and 
the effect. 

(2.) HABITATIONS, ETC. 

Are they permanent or movable ? 

Natural refuge and habitations of degraded tribes. 

Location and laying out. 

Labor of construction. 

Plans of interior arrangement. 

Structures at different seasons. 

Ancient structures. 



28 

(3.) VESSELS AND UTENSILS. 

All information concerning them which is not demanded under 
the objects mentioned in Part I. 

(4, 5, 6, and 7.) Having their phenomena nearly all represented by 
corresponding objects, have been sufficiently noticed in the 
first part. 

(8.) MEASURING AND VALUING. 

A. Counting. 

The extent and character of their numeral system. 
System of notation if any exists. 
Methods of calculating. 

B. Measuring. 

Linear, and other standards. 

Divisions of the months and the year. 

Names of days, months, year, heavenly bodies, and points of the 

compass. 
Number of generations, moons, hunting-seasons, &c, to which 

memory or tradition runs back. 

C. Valuing. 

Means of establishing value, valuing, obligations, liens, trans- 
fers, &c. 

(9.) WRITING. 

The descriptions which accompany the specimens will sufficiently 
illustrate this section. 

(10.) GAMES AND PASTIMES. 

A. Gambling. 

The gambling of savages is often accompanied with a great deal 
of ceremony not connected with the game. In describing 
these games, state the number of players, the method of 
playing, the process, and the stakes ; also the effect upon 
morals of the community. 

B. Field-sports and festive games. 

Number, name, and significance of stated festivals and games. 

The same of games not fixed in time. 

The number of players and the method of playing. 

C. Sports and toys of children. 

The extent to which they are taught to mimic the occupations of 

their seniors. 
Their toys and games as above. 



29 

(11.) MUSIC. 

The character and frequency of their music, both vocal and instru- 
mental. 
The persons who practice it. 
The existence of minstrels or special musicians. 
The occasions, with copies of the score and melodies, if possible. 

(12.) ART. 

The classes of men called artists, if there are any, and are they 
separate from artisans ? 

The first efforts of rude tribes to carry out art ideas. 

The sources from which they draw their models, mythical, imag- 
inary, and natural. 

(13.) LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 

In addition to as complete a vocabulary of the language as possi- 
ble, (see Smithsonian Collections, No. 160,) it is important 
to state the amount of their knowledge of their own affairs. 

Their theories of natural phenomena, as sunrise and sunset, the 
origin and motion of the heavenly bodies, thunder and 
lightning, wind, rain, &c. 

Epic and prose legends, national songs, nonsense rhymes, tales 
for children, choruses for festivals, &c. 

Historic tales, folk-lore, fables, riddles, proverbs, &c. 

Orations. 

System of astrology. 

(14.) DOMESTIC LIFE. 

A. Marriage. 

Including courtship, betrothal, and wedding ceremonies. 

Conditions of both parties as to relationship. 

Dowry. 

Polygamy, rank of wives, &c. 

Polyandry, or plurality of lawful husbands. 

Laws about marrying in and out of the tribe. 

Sacredness and permanency of the marriage. 

B. Children. 

Accouching, couvade, or putting the husband to bed on the birth 

of a child ; seclusion of the mother. 
Naming, cradling, deformations, nursing. 
Child-murder. 
Adoption. 
Education or treatment while growing up. 



30 

0. Women. 

Standing in the family and in society. 

Peculiar duties. 

Age of puberty. 

General appearance, growing old, &c. 

D. Eights and wrongs. 

Chastity, immoralities, prostitution, schoopanisru, sodomy, &c 

Divorce, conditions, and results. 

Celibacy. 

Inheritance. 

Eights of parents and guardians. 

(15.) SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS. 

A. Organization of society. 
Classes of men and professions. 
Military, political, and religious castes. 
Secret orders. 

Slaves. 

B. Customs. 
Personal habits. 

Salutation, etiquette, hospitality. 

Eating and drinking, amount, frequency, and customs of. 

Cannibalism. 

Feasting and festivals, manner of observing and their meaning. 

Taboo. 

Sleeping-customs. 

Charities, &c. 

Initiation into manhood, or into the tribe. 

Social vices. 

Healing, bleeding, extracting teeth, amputation, trepanning, &c. 

Customs when about to build a house, to go on a hunting or fish- 
ing expedition, to make a journey, to declare war, or to 
engage in any new pursuit. 

Treatment of captives and the wounded. 

Customs around the dying and the dead. 

Funeral and burial customs. 

Manner of disposing of the dead, by cremation, in coffins, embalm- 
ing, in graves, in lodges, on scaffolds. 

Ossuaries and public cemeteries. 

(16.) GOVEENMENT AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

A. Organization. 

Authorities in times of peace, claims and treatment of. 
Assemblies and public deliberations. 



31 

Military organization, war-chiefs. 
Authority of privileged classes. 

The common people, what part of them have a voice in the assem- 
bly. 

B. Beoulations, laws, etc. 
Concerning labor, trades, and castes. 
Personal and communal possession, debtors. 
Oaths and trials. 
Slavery. 
Inheritance. 

Torture and punishment. 
Revenue. 
Census. 

Declaring and conducting war, truces, treaties, &c. 
Commerce, foreign and domestic. 
Succession to rank. 
Public property, provisions, and stock. 

(17.) BELIGIOK 

A. Objects of reverence and worship. 
Ancestors. 

Angelic spirits and demons. 

Spirits of men, great warriors, &c 

Sun, moon, and stars. 

Forces of nature. 

Generative powers. 

Inanimate things, fetishes, &c. 

Plants and animals, totems. 

Shamans. 

Gods. 

Idols. 

B. Holy places and objects, descriptions of. 
Temples, areas, mounds, stone platforms, &c. 

Altar-stones, obsidian implements, sacrificial collars, and all rites 

and usages connected with sacrificial worship. 
Incense. 
Sacred legends, litanies, or laws. 

C. Ecclesiastical organization. 
Medicine-men, rain-makers, sorcerers, devotees. 
Part taken by the laity in religious ceremonies. 

D. Sacred rites. 

Those attending birth, those of the first born, initiation into 

secret orders. 
Choosing a totem. 



32 

Installation of dignitaries. 

Burial. 

Phallic ceremonies. 

Sacrifice. 

Purification. 

Exorcism, &c. 

E. Myths. 
Ancestral. 
Angelic. 

Animal and plant. 
Folk-lore. 

Soul. 

Hades and heaven. 

Heroes and first parents. 

Inanimate objects. 

Natural phenomena. 

Miracles. 

Omens. 

Prodigies. 

Monstrous races. 

Prayer and oracles of all kinds. 

Of heavenly bodies. 

Death. 

F. Beliefs. 

Animism, or existence of the soul. 

Transmigration. 

Fetichism. 

Totemism. 

Shamanism. 

Orientation and sun-worship. 

Serpent- worship. 

Idolatry. 

Worship of a Great Spirit. 

Incarnations. 

Pantheism. 

Polytheism. 

Dualism. 

Resurrection of the dead. 

Retribution. 

Atonement. 

Merit and demerit in the sight of the Deity. 

Immortality of happiness and of woe. 



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